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Formula for Freedom Essay - 1078 Words

The nation we live in cannot pretend to be perfect nor will it ever be; wars, both violent and silent, are fought to form the laws, places, and people we know. The solutions that are forever written down in history books are composed of a great deal of persuasion. With segregation, those who desire equal rights choose this method to attempt a revolution. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. eventually becomes one of the most well-known activists for the desegregation of the South. King uses logos in â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† along with an honest, influential, and knowledgeable tone to clarify the reasons behind his actions that put him in jail in Birmingham. King demonstrates honesty in his words to the clergymen by having no secrets about his†¦show more content†¦King tells the clergymen quite frankly how he expected to be supported by white religious groups, but disappointment is the result. He feels that the white church should be a strong ally, but he is clearly proven wrong. The church sits silently on the sidelines while injustice ensues. The silence brings King to ask himself, as he sees the beautiful churches of the south, â€Å"Who is their God?† (139). Dr. King proves influential to a number of people who believe in his argument for equal rights for all citizens. Instead of only talking about trying to change what is going on in Birmingham, he takes action. King is not afraid to face imprisonment for standing up for what is right. When direct action becomes necessary and he is called on, he follows through with his promise. He knows what steps to take in nonviolent protest in order to be effective. King addresses the comment that his actions were untimely by telling the clergymen that black people â€Å"have waited more than 340 years for their constitutional God-given rights† (133). He tries to negotiate first, but when agreements are made, they are not followed through. After no action is taken, he decides on direct action, which he put off for some time due to the mayoral elections of Birmingham. King even explains to the clergymen how it feels to be treated as black people: [W]hen you are humiliated day in and day out by nagging signs reading ‘white’ and ‘colored’; when your first name becomes ‘nigger,’ yourShow MoreRelatedAnyone or anything that is rational possesses will, whether it is a human being or a field mouse.900 Words   |  4 PagesAnyone or anything that is rational possesses will, whether it is a human being or a field mouse. Freedom is the property that this causality has. Thus, a free will can be defined as a will that can act causally without being caused by external sources. Any action not based on a form of law would be seen as groundless and unjustified and we then would not be able to say our actions were the result of our own will. Kant adds to this point by saying the laws we base our actions upon must be self-imposedRead MoreKant’s Argugument for the Existance of Supreme Moral Law1639 Words   |  7 Pagesitself determined by any other law. Kant offers three formulas of the categorical imperative in section II, and it is the third formulation, which requires us to think of ourselves as legislating universal law in a kingdom of ends, that emphasizes the importance of autonomy. It is this concept of autonomy, or freedom of the will, that will be crucial for Kant in deriving the existence of the categorical imperative in section III, and thus the Formula of Autonomy deserves a clear explanation first. TheRead MoreFree Bangladesh From The Exploitation Of Pakistan Essay1619 Words   |  7 PagesTo free Bangladesh from the exploitation of Pakistan, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, President of the Awami League declared Six-Point Formula on 13th February, 1966 when he failed to declare in the conference of opposition held in Lahore. The six clauses were the reflector of independence of the Bangladeshi people. Freedom of habitation, eating, clothing all these basic needs were assured to be provided by the clauses. So people of East Pakistan supported this from their heart. The six clauses were: ClauseRead MoreFreedom: much like love is essential to life, a right given to all creatures as soon as they take800 Words   |  4 PagesFreedom: much like love is essential to life, a right given to all creatures as soon as they take their first breath, and most importantly; freedom, much like love, will always prevail. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. thoroughly understood the symbiotic relationship that freedom and love had on equality. Therefore, if Dr. King was still alive he would not advocate the revision Section 4 of the Civil Rights Act of 1965 to include a new formula that would coerce a stronger watch of the federal governmentRead MoreBroadcasting Corporation s Decision On Broadcast Jerry Springer1685 Words   |  7 PagesThese are The Formula of Universal Law and The Formula of Humanity. Universal law involves maxims and universalising them in order to determine if there are contradictions in conception which means a maxim is a perfect duty which does not allow exceptions. If there is a contradiction in the will, then it is known as an imperfect duty which means the maxim is morally permissible on occasions. If there are no contradictions, then the maxim is morally permissible. As far as the second formula goes, it isRead MoreEssay on Executive Bonuses901 Words   |  4 PagesCoca-Cola, what the board of directors said. That as of 2008 and the years beyond bonuses for executives will be awarded on a discretionary basis only, no longer to a certain formula; this was said to the Securities and Exchange Commission. Although, the SEC made it a requirement that businesses disclose their bonus formula, Coca-Cola chose to accept the consequences by not disclosing. (www.itbusinessedge.com) Since a company such as Coca-Cola chooses to pay a fine rather than reveal the company’sRead MoreThree Formulations of the Categorical Imperative Essay examples1516 Words   |  7 Pagesimperative. By these formulations, he describes his idea of organizing the mora l principle for all rational beings. Kant also talks about the principles of humanity, rational ends, and the â€Å"realm of ends† which are constituted by the autonomous freedom of rational beings. The first formulation of the categorical imperative is â€Å"act only in a way the maxim of which can be consistently willed as a universal law of nature.† This formulation in principle has as its supreme law, â€Å"always act accordingRead MoreEssay about The Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals1064 Words   |  5 Pagesthe most controversial philosophers still today. Throughout Kant’s work, multiple ideas are considered, but the Categorical Imperative is one of the most prevalent. Though this concept is extremely dense, the Categorical Imperative is the law of freedom that grounds pure ethics of the metaphysics of ethics. Categorical imperatives are the basis of morality because they provoke pure reasons for every human beings actions. By the end of his work, one will understand Kant’s beliefs on morality, butRead MoreJuggling Motor Skill1703 Words   |  7 Pageshigh concentration during movement, fatigue which reduces degrees of freedom and performanc e, the learner needs feedback and correction, and verbal cues are often necessary for learning. The second stage of learning, motor-associative, is where performance is most improved. Characteristics of this stage include: feedback is acknowledged, but cannot be physically corrected, fundamental movements are established, degrees of freedom are increased, and diversification of skill is completed to improveRead MoreHow F1 Cars Have Drastically Limited For Safety Since 1994 Essay1748 Words   |  7 PagesThe Formula 1 series is perhaps the most intense, skillful, challenging motor sport in the world. This racing consists of car companies ranging from Toyota to Ferrari all competing for one title of fastest in the world. F1 cars are the fastest cars in the world as of today around all tracks reaching corning speeds of 180-mph. However, there can be and have been faster f1 cars in the past. All Performance aspects of f1 cars have been drastically limited for safety since 1994. I wou ld propose that

Government Assistance on Welfare Programs Free Essays

S. B. 311 will reform the current system of welfare. We will write a custom essay sample on Government Assistance on Welfare Programs or any similar topic only for you Order Now The reform of the national system is based on the Wisconsin Works or W-2 bill. The bill makes it necessary for people receiving financial, medical, and other various types of government assistance to work for what they receive. The goal of this bill is to eventually get everyone off of the current welfare system. This bill requires everyone who is currently receiving welfare to find employment or enter a job training program. The part of the W-2 bill that will be included is the part that deals with job location. Every participant would have to meet with a financial and employment planner, who would help develop a money and time management program for that person. They would also determine which level of employment or training the participant is ready for. Here are the levels from top to bottom: Unsubsidized Employment: People entering at this level will be offered the best available and immediate job opportunity. If the job does not provide a high enough income to support oneself, income credits, food stamps, Medical Assistance, and child care may be accessible for 6 months. This period of time is given to the participant to locate a higher income job. Trial Jobs: These jobs are designed for people who are not able to locate unsubsidized work. The bill would cover added costs to the employer for training an employee which might need extra support in job training for the first 3-6 months. These trial jobs should result in permanent positions. While a participant is working at a trial job the would be eligible for all of the current assistance programs. If a person quits a trial job they will be ineligible for any further financial or any other type of assistance. Community Service Jobs: This category is reserved for people who do not have the job skills necessary to be hired by a regular employer. CSJ workers would receive $700 per week for up to eight months. During this period, a participant would have to work 30 hours a week and have 10 hours of educational training a week. After the eight months, the participant would be transferred to a trial job. Transition: Transition jobs are only for those people unable to perform self-sustaining work. These participants would receive up to $700 a week for up to a year. During this period, a participant would be required to have 30 hours of work and/or developmental training a week and 10 hours of educational training a week. Participants would be eligible for all assistance programs and would be required to move to the CSJ category after a year. These are the measures that would be taken to help people find employment and permanently get them off of welfare. The current national system that is being used for work requirements is TANF. TANF stands for the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families. The required number of monthly hours of participation in the program is 25 hours for 1999. Job skills ttraining, education related to employment, and secondary school or GED completion does not count towards the first 20 hours of participation. They can be in the program for up to 24 months and can receive all of the current welfare benefits. Then job searching is allowed for an additional 3 months, while participants still receive benefits. The only punishment this programs implements for able adults that do not work is that the adult would only receive foods stamps for 3 months out of a three year period. However, the person would still be eligible for other assistance benefits. The current national system seems like a joke. It is practically encouraging people not to work. It has a basis for some practical ideas, but the requirements are far too small and there is virtually no motivation for a person to work. Everyone is not given an equal chance to get a job growing up, but that does not mean working Americans should have to support them. S. B. 311 proposes a practical working plans for unemployed citizens and also has rigid standards. The expectations are high of the participants, but it is time that unemployed people have to work for what they receive. The bill proposes a plan which provides adequate assistance for people receiving job training and assistance to those who are starting unsubsidized work. On the other hand, the guidelines of the bill were designed not to tolerate an unwillingness to work. If a person chooses not to work, or to go through the levels of job training, they will receive no government assistance. This seems harsh, but who wants to support someone who refuses to work? The participants of this program are given more than a fair chance to find employment and if they choose not to work, they will suffer the consequences. How to cite Government Assistance on Welfare Programs, Essay examples

Usefulness Of Reflection In The Nursing Practice †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Usefulness Of Reflection In The Nursing Practice. Answer: Annotated Bibliography: Article 1: The parts of the bibliography entry 1 Purpose of Article A short clear statement of the purpose of this article This paper attempts to explore and analyze the impact of application of reflective practice in the various sectors of the nursing care scenario and how it can be made visible and understandable, while utilizing some theoretical underpinnings. 2 Summary An accurate, succinct account of the ideas, theories, research findings or arguments used in the article The article discovered three different aspects of implementation of reflection in the nursing practice, reflection on action, reflection in action and reflection as self-discovering. 3 Appraisal Usefulness Comments on the importance, strengths, or limitations (informed by your review and analysis or evaluation of the article). Clearly explains the potential usefulness (or not) of the article to support the topic: How nurses can use reflective practice to promote safe, caring, quality nursing care. OR nurse-patient communication This paper has very effectively integrated the importance of reflective practice in the profession of nursing and how it can be make a visible difference in the outcome of the care approaches. The reflection activity of this article helped them revisit and ponder upon all their flaws, if helped them learn from their mistakes and keep track of their progress. However, a drawback that has to be mentioned regarding this article is the lack of well synthesized and structured dissemination of the information. 4 Citation Full citation of the journal article that you annotated the same format that you will use on the reference list page (APA style) Carina Berter, R. N. T. (2010). Reflection in and on nursing practices-how nurses reflect and develop knowledge and skills during their nursing practice.International Journal of Caring Sciences,3(3), 85. Summary of the article: The author in this article has utilized secondary data analysis for the purpose of understanding and the impact of reflection in the nursing care scenario and making the impact easily visible and understandable. The entire focus of the data analysis has been discovering the visible effects of the reflection in the practice standards of the nurses and making the reflective practice conspicuous in the practice scenario. It has to be mentioned in this context that the psychological burden of death is often a great impact on their psyche and clinical judgement as well. One of the greatest challenges that were brought forth by this negative impact can be the fact that the nurses were no longer able to verbalize their accomplishments, but could share when they did not perform well. This article focussed from the very beginning on the aspects of learning by doing, integrating this concept in their study design helped to discover marked improvement in the clinical judgment and decision makin g of the nurses, in acute or palliative care scenarios. It has focussed on the experience of the nursing individuals working in the palliative wards, in cancer units. In some cases the nurses were discovered to make good caring decisions based on intuition and in some cases based on their experience. The insight of the nursing decision-making tools, listening and understanding, information, the clinical eye and availability, and how they can be incorporated in the case scenario with the help of reflective practice to improve care outcomes will be a fertile ground for further research (Carina Berter, 2010).The only difficulty that nurses had had been to verbalize this data due to the silent knowledge. However, the article discovered that using the reflective practice can help in enabling the nurses to link theory with practice effectively and incorporate theoretical underpinnings in practice so that the nursing practice theories and protocols are not taken for granted (Carina Berter, 2010) Article 2: The parts of the bibliography entry 1 Purpose of Article A short clear statement of the purpose of this article This study reflects on the identification of how identifying and incorporating different levels of reflection can help the nursing professionals achieve better care outcomes and can help in improving the skills and competences. 2 Summary An accurate, succinct account of the ideas, theories, research findings or arguments used in the article This article explored a very important aspect in reflection, understanding the need behind different levels of reflection, providing a very easily applicable step by step framework for every practicing nurse to employee. 3 Appraisal Usefulness Comments on the importance, strengths, or limitations (informed by your review and analysis or evaluation of the article). Clearly explains the potential usefulness (or not) of the article to support the topic: How nurses can use reflective practice to promote safe, caring, quality nursing care. OR nurse-patient communication The nurses were give the opportunity to subdivide the rather complex process of reflection into three interdependent steps, that help them understand the different aspects they need to reflect upon and how it would benefit them in broadening their practice scope in the future. This research article is one of the first initiatives to acknowledge reflection as a complex phenomenon and provided an easy to use and effective framework; which when used by the nurses with the help to their mentors yielded visible benefits (Price, 2017). 4 Citation Full citation of the journal article that you annotated the same format that you will use on the reference list page (APA style) Price, B. (2017). Improving nurses' level of reflection.Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain): 1987),32(1), 52-63. Summary of the article: It has to be mentioned in this context that for any reflective practice to be effective and optimally successful, the individuals engaging in the reflective practice must understand the purpose of reflection profoundly. Reflection is undoubtedly intuition based, but the strategic implementation is successful when the nurses have a clear foresight regarding what they aim to achieve. This article focussed on facilitating the nursing professional so that they are able to distinguish between lower and higher levels of reflection and how they can incorporate it in their own practice for improving the quality of the care. The entire research had been subdivided in three steps; the first step emphasized on the clarifying the purpose of reflection to the individuals. The next step helped to understand different levels of reflection, utilizing different reflection models like the Mezirows seven levels of reflection was utilized to facilitate the process. The next step was evaluation of the wr itten reflection by the mentors. This step was further subdivided into 4 stages. The mentors motivated the employees, helped them learn to question their quality of work, encouraged the development of critical thinking in the nurses and helped the nurses their future scope of practice in 4 interlinked stages. As a result the nursing professionals were able to engage in better reflective practice which not only helped them improve their performance but also helped them plan for their future practice better (Price, 2017). It had to be mentioned that this article had provided a highly useful framework for the al professional health care providers to recognize the need for reflection effectively, and recignize to what level of reflection they themselves have performed in their practice and how they can move to higher level of reflection with the help of their mentors depending on their needs and competence. Reflection: The need for reflect on ones practice as a nurse has become a potent tool in enhancing competences and helping the nursing individuals to become equipped with the clinical reasoning skills that will help them prove accurate patient centred care to the patients. I would like to mention that here that although the process of reflection is considered to be a very simple activity, I have found myself to often be puzzled without a proper framework. Apart from just the writing the reflective journals, the new graduate nurses transitioning into practice often do not understand the process of reflection and the different steps of reflection with clarity. The first article under consideration helped me understand the impact of reflection and its three different domains. It has to be mentioned that for any reflective practice to be effective, it is extremely important for the reflection to be pertinent for both in action and in self discovery. This article has emphasized on silent knowledge an d how it can be more effectively implemented in the practice scenario with the help reflection on action, in action and during self discovery. On the other hand, the second article had been focussed on nursing professionals discovering the different levels of reflection and which level is the most suitable for different scenario can help optimizing the individual benefits of the reflection procedure. Elaborating more, this article has not only helped me to distinguish between lower and higher level of reflection. And along with that it has helped to understand how to transition from lower to higher level of reflection with the aid of my mentors. Both of the articles helped me understand the purpose of my reflective practice most importantly and helped me identify the different levels of reflection and the different aspects of my work that I need to reflect upon in my practice. Along with that, the articles also helped me understand the benefits of seeking help from my mentors to plan my reflective practice to a framework so that it can eventually help me progress systematically in my future practice career as a nurse. I wou ld first and foremost consult with my mentor to understand my shortcomings and my strengths while reflecting on my practice standards and the quality of care I provide. Based on the discussion sessions that I undergo with my mentor I will attempt to subdivide my reflection sessions into different steps so that each and every need for improvement can be identified and addressed by me. Lastly, I will maintain a thorough journal entry of my reflective practice to keep a track of my progress and to plan out my future practice efficiently. References: Carina Berter, R. N. T. (2010). Reflection in and on nursing practices-how nurses reflect and develop knowledge and skills during their nursing practice.International Journal of Caring Sciences,3(3), 85. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/absas/Downloads/2036547_387260713_Reflectioninandonnursingp.pdf Price, B. (2017). Improving nurses' level of reflection.Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain): 1987),32(1), 52-63. Doi: 10.7748/ns.2017.e10900

The Scientific Method Isnt What it Used to Be

Romantic Elements in Beethoven’s Waldstein Sonata Essays

Romantic Elements in Beethoven’s Waldstein Sonata Essays Romantic Elements in Beethoven’s Waldstein Sonata Paper Romantic Elements in Beethoven’s Waldstein Sonata Paper Romantic Elements in Beethoven’s Waldstein Sonata (#21, Op 53) As the length of sonatas grew under pens such as Beethoven, the free exercise of many layers of musical contrast kept the longer works fresh and palatable. This sonata doesn’t have as bold of contrasts as Beethoven’s later works, but they still exist. The first movement starts with a quiet intro that swells with excitement at measure 11, only to calm back to a quiet simmering two measures later. As a middle period sonata, the dynamics do not switch as violently as is common in the later nineteenth century, but the range of dynamics still exist even if they have smooth crescendo and diminuendo transitions. The mood within the each movements is a little manic for this period. Departing from the unity of tone frequent with sonatas, the first movement has at least three distinct mood: an excited first theme, a quirky transition, a noble second theme. The second and third piece slide from introspective to heroic. This assortment is common in symphonic and operatic works, and for Beethoven to extend this to the sonata form is significant. The second movement is very short and serves as a smooth transition toward the third movement. This also represents the growing break in the three movement structure. Gravity pulls towards the two outer movements, and in practicallity, the second movement is the first 27 bars of the Rondo movement, ending on an fermata over a G before going into the second C major work. Every resource on this sonata states that Beethoven removed the original second movement to keep the work more coherent and concise, perserving the removed work as a stand alone piano piece The ability and need to break tradition is a strong romantic value. Beethoven also breaks the classical sonata tradition of having the second theme in the dominant by going from C major to E major to the second (Measure 35). The key changes of a third, which is a very popular destination during the romantic period as the tonic to dominant key change was being played out. 1 Though not programatic, Beethoven still calls for unique textures to be performed. Measures 99-100 of the first movement call for specific instruments, the trumpet, flute, clarinet and oboe, to be emulated through the piano, stretching the boundaries of the instrument to include mannerisms and perhaps timbre. * http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sonata_form (C major to E major)

A negotiation plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A negotiation plan - Essay Example Among the above mentioned issues, the labor union will have its major focus on the first two i.e. the basis for the increase in wages; and the process of selecting the individuals for training and other advantages. Toward the first one, the group will bargain on the need of an amount that would cover both the past inflation and past contributions toward productivity. Moreover, there should be provisions to issue the payment since the commencement of the agreement and the work group will not propose any alternative on this regard. Productivity bonus should be paid equally across the entire work group considering it as the group bonus. Secondly, regarding the workplace arrangements, the union would demand that employees should have the right to go on paid training when they think it is essential for them to improve their level of performance; and if they do not find a higher job even after the training, they should be paid a ‘trained allowance’. The trained employees must be given the priority for promotion when there is a vacancy at the higher levels. The work group considers these issues as the most important factors that have a direct impact on the individuals because of several reasons. To illustrate, rewards like wage increase is the most brittle factor that can influence most of the individuals in a working group. An average worker is always concerned about an unexpected inflation that would affect his/her economic stability as it becomes impossible for him to meet both ends with the limited income. As Saunders (249) states, ‘negotiation theory that concentrate only on what happens around the negotiation table’ does not meet the exact goal; instead it should have rather comprehensive approach toward the real issue underlying. The basis of wage rise that the union will propose is relevant to the context for two reasons. Firstly, there was a considerable increase in the

Online Assingment Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Online Assingment - Article Example The New York Presbyterian hospital is the first hospital to test surgery that is designed only for type 2 diabetes. This study is designed to test if diabetes is better handled by surgery as opposed to the other medical treatment options that there are today. This is the first study available to those who are overweight or mildly obese and may open doors to new studies. Under guidelines that currently exist, bariatric surgery is used for the treatment of severe obesity or morbid obesity for people who have a body mass index of 35 or greater. Treatment is now available for patients with a body mass index as low as 26. The body mass index of a healthy person is 19 to 25 while those who are overweight have a body mass index of 26 to 29. Those who are obese have a body mass index that is above 30. Patients with a body mass index below 26 and above 35 are not permitted in the study because the health risks are too dangerous. Previous research has shown that gastric bypass surgery for thos e people with a body mass index of 35 or greater will benefit from the results to treat their type 2 diabetes.

Educationall Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Educationall Leadership - Essay Example From this study it is clear that management is a process of organizing things and people to work together for an organization. The two types of management styles include scientific management and the human relations. The main purpose of scientific management is to increase the productivity of the individuals of an organization. It improves the productivity of an organization by increasing its production. As the discussion declares the role of a leader is to guide an organization towards a direction. It must be noted however that sometimes we may find leaders quite dominating. Another factor that encourages us to practice leadership is power motive which includes referent, legitimate rewards and coercive powers. Some important approaches in educational leadership include particular set of skills, style, traits, path goal, transformational, LMX and situational approaches. After understanding the concept of leadership we must know the difference between management and leadership. Manage ment is a process that helps an organization to perform its function whereas leadership focuses to achieve a certain goal and keep the individual motivated. In educational leadership, the leader should inspire other people to follow him. He should attract people towards his cause with the help of his personality. The leader should act friendly with other people and should have an appealing style.  

Hotel Industry E-Marketing

Hotel Industry E-Marketing Hotel Industry E-Marketing E-marketing is the new trend of marketing extensively acquiring by hotel industry. The traditional marketing strategy of hotel industry now not performing very well. In place e-marketing is taking the drivers seat. The purpose of the research The travel industry survives as one of the better performing sectors in e-commerce. With no fulfillment and no need for online payments, the hotel industry is well positioned to capture the full potential of ecommerce while avoiding many of its risks. â€Å"Currently, in Hong Kong, China, Taiwan and South Korea, approximately 5% to 10% of all lodgings are booked through the Internet, with 2004 estimates approaching 20%. This would follow the U.S. trend where hotels are reporting that up to 30% of all lodging is booked through online channels. Despite the burst of the Internet bubble, the promise of the Internet for hoteliers is still real: Online distribution can reduce costs, attract affluent customers and lessen dependency on more traditional and expensive distribution channels.†(Ref: www.igk.co.kr, available on 23/03/2008) Background â€Å"As of September 2003, 604 million people worldwide had internet access†. (Ref: -www.cyberatlas.com, available on 23/03/2008) The Internet is assumed to be an important channel for marketing and distribution of products and services. This is, among other things, due to the cost-effectiveness of the Internet and the convenience for customers. With the Internet marketers can reach out to a broad customer base, locate target customers, identify their needs and communicate with them at a relatively low cost. The Internet provides an opportunity for market testing and optimization. Increasing digitalization will make it progressively easier to experimentally alter particular aspects of a business and quickly observe how customers respond (Wyner 2000). Since the Web allows access to a plethora of information on different products, the hotel organization must encourage the potential consumer to use the Web site as both an information tool as well as a purchase option. This combination of information search and purchase process is an advantage over traditional retailing as online consumers have stated that personalized targeting is a reason they shop online. When consumers are more involved in the buying process it significantly improves brand recognition and recall. Research Aim Objectives/ Research Questions:- The main aim and objectives of this research was to find out the use, importance and impact of the E-marketing and traditional marketing in hotel industry, explore and analyze which one is the best suited of marketing used by the hotels and its contribution to marketing performance. And finally emarketing and traditional marketing has been compared to reach the desired goal. Research Hypotheses: In the light of the achieving the above aims and objectives, the following hypotheses had been constructed: Hypothesis (1): The level of use of e marketing and traditional marketing by hotel industry is significantly related to the hotel firm’s marketing performance. Hypothesis (2): E-marketing vs. Traditional marketing for the performance of the hotel Structure of the research The research is consisted of 5 chapters. In the first chapter is introduction of the topic, its background and the aims and objectives was described. Chapter 2 deals with the review of literatures in which all the variables are defined. Third chapter deals with the primary research done by the author and dealt with the findings and analysis of the hotels taken in the sample and the interviews had been put in to diagrams to have better understanding of the topic. Chapter four is dealing with the conclusion derived by the author on overall experience while developing the research; recommendations and limitations has been discussed in the last part of the research. Literature Review The researcher had identified a wide range of the literature review (in its wider broad sense which includes: Journals, Academic Books, theses and dissertations, short articles, e-databases, conference papers, etc). Background Marketing existed in society for millennia, ever since when people use to exchange from a product with other one, commonly known as â€Å"barter system†. Since after industrial revolution, market had taken a big turn and changes the meaning of marketing and gives a new definition to it. It’s been well said that marketing is not all about transaction; it’s also about developing relationship and ties with your guest or customer. And our international hospitality business is all about guest relation along with transaction and as we are involved in a transaction, thus we are engaged in a practice of commerce. â€Å"Commerce dealt with purchase and sale of good†. Before introduction of internet in the market, exchange of goods and services from producer to consumer was done through paper work and personnel contact â€Å"Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce or eCommerce, consists of the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. The amount of trade conducted electronically has grown extraordinarily since the spread of the Internet. A wide variety of commerce is conducted in this way, spurring and drawing on innovations in electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at some point in the transactions lifecycle, although it can encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail as well.†(Ref: www.wikipedia.org, 23/03/08) â€Å"A small percentage of electronic commerce is conducted entirely electronically for virtual items such as access to premium content on a website, but most electronic commerce involves the transportation of physical items in some way. Online retailers are sometimes known as e-tailers and online retail is sometimes known as e-tail. Almost all big retailers have electronic commerce presence on the World Wide Web. .†(Ref: www.wikipedia.org, 23/03/08) Research Aim Objectives/ Research Questions:- The purpose of this research was to find out the use, importance and impact of the E-marketing and traditional marketing in hotel industry, explore and analyze which one is the best suited of marketing used by the hotels and its contribution to marketing performance. And finally emarketing and traditional marketing has been compared to reach the desired goal. The research had adapted an interdisciplinary approach that makes use of hotel business enterprises marketing, E-marketing, IT, and information systems literature. This is in line with the point of view of Gatticker et al. (2000) who states that researchers should investigate the opportunities offered by the Internet using an interdisciplinary approach. At the same time, because E-marketing is a field that makes use of IT and IS, depending on that the research was considered the appropriateness of the various theories that underpin research into impact of e-marketing in hotel business. At same time the traditional approach of marketing has been compared to find out which one is the best suited for the hotel industry marketing performance. Consequently, the objectives of this research are as follows:- To clarify a conceptual model to understand and interpret the use of the traditional marketing and E-marketing in hotel industry. To focus this impact of e-markting and traditional marketing has been compared in a view to hotels performance and how they use this. To explore and analyze the importance and form of e marketing used by the hotel industry and its contribution to marketing performance of the hotel. To assess the existing awareness of the hotels in Delhi to the expected benefits of the using of e marketing. To identify the results of using e marketing. To evaluate the current practices of e marketing by the hotels of Delhi taken in the sample. To examine the impact of traditional marketing and E-marketing practices on marketing efficiency To achieve these objectives there was two hypotheses have been constructed to be tested during the research process. Research Hypotheses: In the light of the achieving the above aims and objectives, the following hypotheses had been constructed: Hypothesis (1): The level of use of e marketing and traditional marketing by hotel industry is significantly related to the hotel firm’s marketing performance. Hypothesis (2): E-marketing vs. Traditional marketing for the performance of the hotel Definitions â€Å"Electronic marketing (E-marketing) can be viewed as a new modern business practice associated with buying and selling goods, services, information and ideas via the Internet and other electronic means. A review of relevant literature revealed that definitions of electronic marketing vary according to each authors point of view, background and specialization.†(Ref: www.edamba.eu/userfiles/Hatem%20El%20Gohary.doc, viewed on 24/03/08). Some of the definitions are as follows: Smith and Chaffey (2005) defines it as: â€Å"Achieving marketing objectives through applying digital technologies†. Strauss and Frost (2001) define it as: â€Å"The use of electronic data and applications for planning and executing the conception, distribution and pricing of ideas, goods and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives†. The researcher had followed on Strauss and Frost definition in conducting the current research because: it takes into consideration all the element of E-marketing, all types of products, it illustrate the main objective of E-marking which is creating the exchanges that satisfy individual and hotel organizational needs. Moreover it is the official definition for E-marketing adopted by the E-Marketing Association. (Ref: www.edamba.eu/userfiles/Hatem%20El%20Gohary.doc, viewed on 24/03/08). From the researcher point of view, importance and impact of E-marketing in hotel industry has changed the shape and nature of hospitality industry all over the world. Because the rapid proliferation of the Internet, the World Wide Web (WWW) and electronic communication has created a fast growing new electronic channels for hotel marketing. This rapid expanding use of the Internet and other electronic communication for hotel business purposes attracts hotel companies to invest in online presence (Liang and Hung, 1998). Marketing performance Nowadays the fact that a hotel firm survival depends on its capacity to ultimate service experience, create value, and value is defined by customers (Day, 1990), marketing makes a fundamental contribution to long-term hotel business success. E-marketing process used to evaluate marketing performance and effectiveness in hotel industry. On the other hand, when looking to the marketing performance and success measure there are many measures. Recently, in an attempt to organize performance measures Kokkinaki and Ambler (1999) have summarized it and established six categories for marketing performance and success measures which are: Financial measures / Competitive market measures / Consumer behaviour measures / Consumer intermediate measures / Direct costumer measures / Innovativeness measures. (Ref:http://web.biz.uwa.edu.au/staff/jmurphy/OConnor_Murphy_ijhm2004. pdfavailable on 12/03/2008) E-Marketing Performance Measures Standardized measures for E-marketing performance are both needed and necessary. The discussion of most of the researchers has centred on the following measures (beside the traditional marketing performance measures): Traffic Visit duration Conversion rate (visit to purchase) Catalogue size Sales value Number of transactions Number of users (as measured by the number of registered user accounts). E-marketing performance measures. Namely: Financial measures Competitive market measures Consumer behavior measures Consumer intermediate measures E-marketing measures, such as Conversion rate Traffic Visit duration Number of transactions Number of users (Ref: www.edamba.eu/userfiles/Hatem%20El%20Gohary.doc; available on 12/03/2008) â€Å"The World Wide Web (WWW), which is the main e-marketing element, launched and started at 1993.† (Ref: http://www.brad.ac.uk/hub/studentnews/emarketing.doc; viewed on 30/03/08) â€Å"Despite of the fast growth in e-marketing research in the last decade, it appears that only from the late 1980s researches on e-marketing and internet marketing begun to appear in the literature. Starting with the work of: Malone, Yates and Benjamin (1987 1989), crossing by the work of: White (1997), Samiee (1998), Wientzen (2000), Porter (2001), Siddiqui et al. (2003), Daniel et al. (2003), Smith and Rupp (2003), Smith (2004 a, b) and ending with the work of: Sheth and Sharma (2005), Sandeep and Singh (2005), De Kervenoael et al (2006), Flavià ¡n and Guinalà ­u (2006), Taylor and England (2006).† (Ref: http://www.brad.ac.uk/hub/studentnews/emarketing.doc; viewed on 30/03/08) The research studies investigated and covered a wide rang of e-marketing areas, such as: internet-marketing / e-mail marketing / intranet marketing / SMS marketing / extranet marketing. On the other hand, it is noticed that the literature in Internet marketing covers five main areas, which are: Internet marketing (IM) Environment, IM functions, IM applications and IM research. (Ref: http://www.brad.ac.uk/hub/studentnews/emarketing.doc; viewed on 30/03/08) E- Marketing components Customers (Buyers): impulsive, patient, analytical Sellers Products Infrastructure Front end The portion of an e-seller’s business processes through which customers interact, including the seller’s portal, electronic catalogues, a shopping cart, a search engine, and a payment gateway Back end The activities that support online order-taking. It includes fulfillment, inventory management, purchasing from suppliers, payment processing, packaging, and delivery Intermediaries A third party that operates between sellers and buyers Other business partners Support services (Ref:http://www.ionglobal.com/documents/rating_luxury_hotel_emarketing_practices_in_asia.pdf,available on 12/03/2008) Online Pricing Enz (2003) also addresses the issue of the networks identified by Dale (2003) above, which she claims are driving down hotel profitability. Noting that hoteliers use these networks without a clear understanding of their effect, she claims that they encourage competition based solely on price and urges a rethink of such hidden discounting. Citing forthcoming research from the â€Å"Centre for Hospitality Researchat Cornell†, she shows how price has become largely transparent and that consumers now book rooms at one price, shop around for better prices and then cancel and rebook. Rather than yield higher total sales, discounting simply displaces customers from one distribution channel to another. Any increase in volume fails to offset the revenue lost from the discounting. Claiming that this is true for all industry segments, regardless of occupancy rates, Enz maintains that hoteliers need to be more selective about the rates they provide to third party sites to insure that they are actually generating incremental revenues. (Ref:-www.emarketingassociation.com available on 14/02/20080 Pointing out that consumers frequently search multiple channels for the cheapest price, and expect cheaper prices online, O’Connor (2003) investigates if the behaviour of chain hotel brands conforms to these expectations. Using historical data, he surveys rates across five B2C channels to establish whether pricing is consistent across channels; whether one channel is consistently cheaper; and whether the apparent pricing strategy is logical from both consumer and hotel perspectives. His findings show that hotel companies typically use multiple distribution channels, and offer multiple rates across each channel. No channel consistently offers the cheapest price, but the analysis reveals differences based on market segment. Consumers are more likely to find cheapest prices on direct channels (chain website and call centre) at the lower end of the market, and conversely through intermediaries at the upper end. In other words, luxury hotels appear to be offering their cheapest pri ces though channels with the highest cost of distribution. O’Connor concludes that hotel companies in general do a poor job managing their distribution, and urges them to develop well though-out pricing policies that would encourage consumers to book through brand websites. Anecdotal evidence would seem to suggest that operators have followed this advice, as evidenced by the recent widespread use of â€Å"Best Rate Guarantees† on many hotel websites. (Ref:-www.emarketingassociation.com available on 14/02/20080 Litvin and Crotts (2003) focus on the potential use of online negotiation models in hospitality. While yield management varies prices relative to demand, the rate to individual customers is fixed; hotels set the price and potential guests accept their offer or stay elsewhere. In contrast, negotiation is normal with group sales (meetings, conventions, tour groups, and corporate travel accounts), and Litvin and Crotts explore the applicability of contemporary e-commerce negotiation models to group sales. They argue that the â€Å"Consumer to Computer† model, (buyers nominate a price, commit to the transaction and have their offer matched to potential suppliers) is inefficient. Only the highest bid is accepted, other potential customers are left unsatisfied and incremental revenue is lost as non-winning bids are foregone. â€Å"Online Requests for Proposal† (buyers detail their requirements, which are then forwarded to potential suppliers) help overcome these limitations, but generally only facilitate matching and have no influence over subsequent negotiations. Litvin and Crotts advocate an â€Å"Automated Business-to-Business Negotiation† model, whereby the facilitating company maintains a dynamic database of active purchase and sale intentions, which it cross-compares to seek potential transactions. Once detected, the negotiation process begins and the system attempts to bring buyers and sellers together by adding stated trade-offs as needed. As this takes place automatically, negotiation can occur simultaneously with multiple partners, increasing the likelihood of finding an appropriate deal. The authors argue that this approach is superior as it balances power differentials through matchmaking, and facilitates the entire process. Compiling a critical mass of potential buyer and seller transactions has limited the commercial success, so far, of this application. (Ref:-www.learnmarketing.net available on 14/02/20080 Hospitality Consumers and E-marketing Online Consumer Decision Making Several articles investigate how technology influences hospitality consumer decision-making. Seeking information is one of the first stages in the decision making process. Gursoy and Umbreit (2004) use 3,264 responses from a European Commission survey to investigate cultural differences in how travellers from 15 EU countries search for information, online and offline. They found five distinct market segments and suggest specific marketing communication campaigns for each segment. For example, travellers from Belgium and Italy use external information sources more often than other segments, while travellers from Denmark and Finland use the Internet most frequently. Marketers need therefore to align their marketing efforts with a cultures information search behaviour. (Ref:- Reid R. D. Bojanic D. C.(2006); hospitality marketing management; 4th edition; New Jersey; Wiley). Jeong et al (2003) explore the role of online information and behavioural intention, highlighting the importance of information satisfaction. They claim that this is a powerful determinant of behavioural intentions; lodging operators must ensure that websites satisfy visitors’ information needs in order to expect online transactions. Specific website elements to note include accurate and reliable information, and easy navigation. Susskind et al. (2003) investigate how apprehensiveness towards Internet use relates to information seeking, purchase intention and purchase behaviour. (Ref:-Mooij M. D.(2005); global marketing and advertising, understanding cultural paradoxes; 2nd edition; USA; Sageavailable on 14/03/2008) Drawing on three separate surveys to develop and refine two measures, General Internet Apprehensiveness (GIA) and Transactional Internet Apprehensiveness (TIA), their results support strong relationships between apprehensiveness and both online information seeking and purchase. (Ref:http://web.biz.uwa.edu.au/staff/jmurphy/OConnor_Murphy_ijhm2004.pdf,available on 23/03/2008) Card et al (2003) also investigate the purchase decision. Surveying members of the Travel and Tourism Research Association, they found that six out of seven shopped online, with airline tickets the most common purchase, followed by accommodation, travel information, rental cars, event tickets, bus or rail tickets and package tours. They found differences between shoppers and non-shoppers based on personal characteristics, with the former tending to be opinion leaders, more innovative, involved in information seeking and used to TV shopping. Their results, however, showed no differences between shoppers and non-shoppers based on perceptions of online store characteristics. Fam et al (2004) also consider online store characteristics, in particular the role of consumer trust. Their study of New Zealand online accommodation providers and consumers suggests a chasm between actual practice and consumer wants. The latter demand significantly more trust features – guarantees, refunds, company information, privacy statement and email confirmations – than websites currently provide. (Ref:http://web.biz.uwa.edu.au/staff/jmurphy/OConnor_Murphy_ijhm2004.pdf,available on 23/03/2008) Website Layout and Design in process of E-marketing To account for such differences between consumer wants and website offerings, hotels need to reflect upon their website design. However, research on effective hospitality websites is an ongoing quest. Several studies specifically examined website layout and design. The first two introduce the notion of the experience economy and suggest how Web technologies can reinforce the customer experience (Dubà ©, Le Bel, Sears, 2003; Stamboulis Skayannis, 2003). Websites, for example, should reinforce a hotel or resorts position by going beyond visual pleasures on the site and adding sensual, emotional and intellectual pleasures for online consumers (Dubà © et al., 2003). Other authors explore the practical and theoretical issues of howto accomplish this, investigating what features and functions hospitality operators should incorporate into their websites. For example, Jeong et al. draw upon past literature to develop six measures of website quality, namely information accuracy, clarity, completeness, ease of use, navigational quality, and color combinations. Responses from 1,743 US respondents suggest that website quality is an important antecedent of information satisfaction, which in turn is a powerful determinant of behavioral intention. Of the quality measures proposed, ease of use shows the strongest relationships with both information satisfaction and behavioral intentions. (Ref:http://web.biz.uwa.edu.au/staff/jmurphy/OConnor_Murphy_ijhm2004.pdf,available on 23/03/2008) â€Å"Chung and Law (2003) develop a performance indicator for hotel websites based on five dimensions of information richness – facilities, customer contact, reservations, surrounding area and website management. Gauging the importance of dimensions from a survey of hotel supervisors, they analyse Hong Kong Hotel Association member websites. Consistent with past research, the level of information technology application relates directly to the hotel category. Murphy et al. (2003) posit that hotels paying attention to email also pay attention to their websites. Measuring email responses and assessing the website features of Swiss hotels, they argue that hotels with professional email responses also lead in the use of websites. Based on their findings, they suggest that hoteliers focus on inexpensive features that show a significant relationship to quality email responses, such as brochure requests, online services, hyperlinks, and branded URLs. Alternatively, their results sug gest that hotels avoid questionable techniques such as animation, as it may reflect a bandwagon effect rather than add value. As in other studies, they found that hotel size and category relate directly to quality e-mail responses and the presence of appropriate website features.† (Ref: web.biz.uwa.edu.au/staff/jmurphy/OConnor_Murphy_ijhm2004.pdf; viewed on 12/03/08) Customer Relationship Management and E-marketing â€Å"Piccoli and colleagues (2003) review the risks and benefits of customer relationship management (CRM). This philosophy of intimate customer familiarity can lower marketing expenditures and increase sales through closer relationships and increased satisfaction. For this to occur, the entire hotel chain must cooperate in the collection, management and dissemination of customer information – an expensive and complicated process. They highlight a potential data-ownership dilemma caused by the structure of the US lodging industry in which owners, management companies, and brands cooperate in the operation of properties. It is inherently difficult for these three entities to share customer data. In addition to cooperating, they frequently compete with each other, which could limit successful CRM implementation. Piccoli et al argue that if these difficulties could be overcome, CRM would work best at the brand level, a claim supported by two case studies of brands with strong C RM programs – Wyndam International (Picolli et al., 2003) and Harrah’s Hotels and Casinos (Magnini, Honeycutt, Hodge, 2003). The latter also exemplifies how successful CRM relies upon data mining. This procedure applies artificial intelligence and sophisticated statistical techniques to customer data to perform five tasks: classification, clustering, deviation detection, associations and forecasting, and can be a valuable tool for hotels seeking to better understand and predict guest behaviour (Magnini et al., 2003).† (Ref: web.biz.uwa.edu.au/staff/jmurphy/OConnor_Murphy_ijhm2004.pdf; viewed on 12/03/08) Two articles investigate the implementation of a CRM system. Based on qualitative and quantitative research with Italian hotel operators, Minghetti (2003) proposes a CRM system and complementary matrix for evaluating guest information, which serve as a convenient blueprint for implementing or evaluating the CRM process. Louvieris and Driver (2004) suggest how the developing XML web standard could enable the CRM process. Consumers increasingly use a variety of devices (for example cell phones, Interactive television and kiosks) to access the web, and need different types of interactions, information and procedures depending on the relationship stage. They show how the current one-size-fits-all approach is unlikely to be successful. However providing the required personalisation to service each situation is difficult using current technology. They propose how the unique characteristics of XML, which uses content specific rather than stylistic tags, could help hotel companies implement the needed device specific and loyalty level personalisation. (Ref: web.biz.uwa.edu.au/staff/jmurphy/OConnor_Murphy_ijhm2004.pdf; viewed on 12/03/08) Finally, three studies investigate a subset of customer relationship management, online customer service. These use similar methodologies to test Swiss hotels (Frey, Schegg, Murphy, 2003), Tunisian hotels (Gherissi-Labben, Schegg, Murphy, 2003), and luxury chain hotels (Schegg, Murphy, et al., 2003). Swiss hotels showed the highest e-mail response rates at 71% with Tunisian hotels at a 45% response rate performing worst. Most respondents, however, gave sloppy and inadequate replies, which suggest a lack of focus on online customer service. The authors argue that email communication is business communication and use diffusion of innovations (Rogers, 1995) as a theoretical base to investigate differences in response rates and response quality. There were no significant differences in response rates but larger, higher rated and affiliated hotels tended to provide better quality responses. (Ref: web.biz.uwa.edu.au/staff/jmurphy/OConnor_Murphy_ijhm2004.pdf; viewed on 12/03/08) Some economic and human factors that affect hotel choice 1. Follow the money Travel decisions are not just about hotels: airline costs, car rental costs and entertainment expenses also drive how companies make choices for approved hotels, in what cities. 2. Familiarity breeds return The role of chain/brand hotel loyalty programs is a significant benefit to travelers. Companies of all sizes can exert influence over these programs – in some cases aggregating stay points for pooled corporate benefit, in other cases permitting travelers to retain points but only in approved locations/chains/brands. 3. Internal and External Roles Hotel selection is influenced by relationships that are cultivated over time. Full time corporate traveler managers guide purchasing decisions. Others within an organization may also greatly influence hotel choices. Corporations may use mega agencies to provide soup-to-nuts purchasing management. Mega agencies may be limited to making recommendations only. Mega agencies may be used for their buying power in selected markets and not others. Here again the total travel buy can influence both corporation and agency behaviors. 4. Power is Local – Sometimes overlooked and taken for granted is the principle of local selling: look in your own backyard. This backyard can extend many hundreds of miles in less densely populated area, or it can literally be next door in major centers of commerce. Inbound demand to hotels can be driven by external business factors pushing business to an area. Demand is also driven by factors that pull the business into an area. Local companies who supply good and services to larger corporations up the food chain can create a gravitational force on their customers. Examples of these include product demonstration facilities, heavy equipment sales, science

Against United States Currency Mentioning God Essays -- Politics Gover

"In God We Trust" should be removed from United States' currency. The mention of God, which is a religious belief, misrepresents those United States citizens who do not hold this belief. In Source D, Jon Murray, President of the non-profit organization American Atheists, argues that the motto "In God We Trust" inscribed on the mint violates the Free Speech, Free Exercise, and Establishment clauses of the First Amendment. It violates Free Speech by the inability to erase or eliminate the inscription by making it illegal by criminal law that "[w]hoever fraudulently alters, defaces, mutilates, impairs, diminishes, falsifies, scales, or lightens any of the coins coined at the mints of the United States' shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than five years, or both (18 USC Sec 331)." It is likewise this way with paper notes in 18 USC Sec 332. To function in this society, people must carry around money. People who don't support the inscription are forced to carry aroun d false representation and therefore, according to Murray, this violates the Free Expression Act. The Establishment Clause isn't so clear, mainly that Church and State must be separate and that the government should avoid any entanglements with religion. Recently, instead of "Will there be too much government entanglement with religion?" judges have been defining violation of the Establishment as if the subject ?benefits religion in a way more direct and more substantial than practices that are excepted into our national heritage.? And that?s what the blurry notion of what?s religious and what?s in our heritage is (Source I). A common argument debating the motto on our coins is that ?God? is not, in fact, a religious belief, merely an important par... ...DocServer/In_God_We_Trust_In_Public_Schools.pdf?d ocID=151?>. Leahy, James E. The First Amendment, 1791-1991: Two Hundred Years of Freedom. McFarland & Company, Inc. Publishers. 1991. Murray, Jon. ?God On Our Coins?. American Atheists. Sept. 14, 1988. . Swank, Grant. ?Atheist Attacks ?In God We Trust.?? The Conservative Voice. Aug. 16, 2006. . United States Department of the Treasury. Coins and Currency. History of ?In God We Trust?. Online Database. August 31, 2007. . W.W. Hening. Statutes at Large of Virginia, vol. 12. 1823. Jefferson, Thomas. Pages 84-86: ?Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom.? .