Electron Affinity (Chemistry Glossary Definition)

Electron affinity reflects the ability of an atom to accept an electron. It is the energy change that occurs when an electron is added to a gaseous atom. Atoms with stronger effective nuclear charge have greater electron affinity. The reaction that occurs when an atom takes an electron may be represented as: X e−  Ã¢â€ â€™ X−   energy Another way to define electron affinity is as the amount of energy needed to remove an electron from a singly charged negative ion: X−  Ã¢â€ â€™ X e− Key Takeaways: Electron Affinity Definition and Trend Electron affinity is the amount of energy required to detach one electron from a negatively charged ion of an atom or molecule.It is indicated using the symbol Ea and is usually expressed in units of kJ/mol.Electron affinity follows a trend on the periodic table. It increases moving down a column or group and also increases moving from left to right across a row or period (except for the noble gases).The value may be either positive or negative. A negative electron affinity means energy must be input in order to attach an electron to the ion. Here, electron capture is an endothermic process. If electron affinity is positive, the process is exothermic and occurs spontaneously. Electron Affinity Trend Electron affinity is one of the trends that can be predicted using the organization of elements in the periodic table. Electron affinity increases moving down an element group (periodic table column).Electron affinity generally increases moving left to right across an element period (periodic table row). The exception is the noble gases, which are in the last column of the table. Each of these elements has a completely filled valence electron shell and an electron affinity approaching zero. Nonmetals typically have higher electron affinity values than metals. Chlorine strongly attracts electrons. Mercury is the element with atoms that most weakly attract an electron. Electron affinity is more difficult to predict in molecules because their electronic structure is more complicated. Uses of Electron Affinity Keep in mind, electron affinity values only apply to gaseous atoms and molecules because the electron energy levels of liquids and solids are altered by interaction with other atoms and molecules. Even so, electron affinity has practical applications. It is used to measure chemical hardness, a measure of how charged and readily polarized Lewis acids and bases are. Its also used to predict electronic chemical potential. The primary use of electron affinity values is to determine whether an atom or molecule will act as an electron acceptor or an electron donor and whether a pair of reactants will participate in charge-transfer reactions. Electron Affinity Sign Convention Electron affinity is most often reported in units of kilojoule per mole (kJ/mol). Sometimes the values are given in terms of magnitudes relative to each other. If the value of electron affinity or Eea is negative, it means energy is required to attach an electron. Negative values are seen for the nitrogen atom and also for most captures of second electrons. It can also be seen for surfaces, such as diamond. For a negative value, the electron capture is an endothermic process: Eea   −ΔE(attach) The same equation applies if Eea  has a positive value. In this situation the change ΔE  has a negative value and indicates an exothermic process. Electron capture for most gas atoms (except noble gases) releases energy and is exothermic. One way to remember capturing an electron has a negative ΔE  is to remember energy is let go or released. Remember: ΔE  and Eea  have opposite signs! Example Electron Affinity Calculation The electron affinity of hydrogen is ΔH in the reaction: H(g) e- → H-(g); ΔH -73 kJ/mol, so the electron affinity of hydrogen is 73 kJ/mol. The plus sign isnt cited, though, so the Eea  is simply written as 73 kJ/mol. Sources Anslyn, Eric V.; Dougherty, Dennis A.  (2006). Modern Physical Organic Chemistry. University Science Books. ISBN 978-1-891389-31-3.Atkins, Peter; Jones, Loretta (2010). Chemical Principles the Quest for Insight. Freeman, New York. ISBN 978-1-4292-1955-6.Himpsel, F.; Knapp, J.; Vanvechten, J.; Eastman, D. (1979). Quantum photoyield of diamond(111)—A stable negative-affinity emitter. Physical Review B. 20 (2): 624. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.20.624Tro, Nivaldo J. (2008). Chemistry: A Molecular Approach (2nd Ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-100065-9.IUPAC (1997). Compendium of Chemical Terminology (2nd Ed.) (the Gold Book). doi:10.1351/goldbook.E01977

The Main Difference Between Opera And Musical Theatre

When imagining opera one cannot help but picture the iconic pigtailed woman wearing the horned helmet and holding a spear. This image certainly is an element of opera (Bloom) yet the discipline holds much more. Since its origins in sixteenth century Italy (Parker) opera has been fundamental to the performing arts. By understanding its rich history as well as its contemporary trends arts administrators may continue to present this beloved art form to their audiences. The word opera, in its modern sense as a â€Å"composition in which poetry, dance, and music are combined†, was first used in 1639. Shortly following was the earliest documented English usage in 1648 (â€Å"Opera†). What is the major difference between opera and musical theatre? A famous composer named Stephen Sondheim has said that It s about the expectation of the audience. When it s on Broadway, people expect mediocre singing and good acting; when it s in an opera house, people expect mediocre acting and good singing† (qtd. In Leigh) The first composition called an opera was Dafne by Jacopo Peri and it was created around 1597. The composer was inspirited by Florentine humanists who were elite at that time. It is noteworthy that Dafne was trying to recreate the Greek drama, which is kind of recreating the characteristic of the Renaissance in a broader view (Parker). There are four main periods of opera history. In the Baroque period (1590-1750), there were two dominated composers named Jacopo Peri and ClaudioShow MoreRelatedEvolution of Opera: Greek Drama to Baroque Opera Essays870 Words   |  4 Pagesdefines opera in his text, A Short History of Opera, as â€Å"a drama in music: a dramatic action, exhibited on stage with scenery by actors in costume, the words conveyed entirely or for the most part by singing, and the whole sustained and amplified by orchestral music† (4). A literal translation of the word opera is simply work, and although the term opera was not coined until 1634, one of the first known operas was performed in 1597 (Grout 1). Grout explains that there are two types of opera. The firstRead MoreEssay on History of Broadway2227 Words   |  9 Pageson whether or not Broadway musicals are considered â€Å"serious† art forms. People feel that a musical can never be taken seriously if the character is always singin g sporadically, which is very unusual in real life. However, musicals have been around for quite some time now, many musicals are being adapted into major motion pictures, many children are raised on the famous Disney musical cartoons and everybody( whether they’ll admit it or not) has seen at least one musical in their lifetime and areRead MoreBroadway musicals: The Portrayal of Women through the Decades2571 Words   |  11 Pagesbuilt a theatre company at the Theatre on Nassau Street. A musical would show about once every weekend. The shows were very male based, and would commonly show a relationship between young boys and their fathers. Women were slowly integrated into Broadway, and as society changed its point of view on women, so did theatre. The first strictly female-based shows were released in the 1950’s. These musicals attracted more female-based audience members and ticket sales rose exponentially. Musicals suchRead MoreOratorio1724 Words   |  7 Pagesconcerning the genre of vocal music, religious music cannot be overlooked as well as the opera. In this age, not only liturgical music which is from the Middle Ages such as the Mass music and Magnificat, but peculiar music of baroques such oratorio and the church cantata were also invented, while there was antagonism between Catholic and Protestant. Even in the music for liturgical of the church, it tended to opera or a dramatic style. It was the feature of the Catholic Church music of the baroque periodRead MoreLegend Of Orpheus Comparison787 Words   |  4 Pagesrecognized stories. Many operas have been based on the Greek legend of Orpheus. The legend of Orpheus tells a story of the demigod musician whose songs conquer Hades itself with their beauty. The u se of music in the Greek legend serves the same purpose, as music does in operas, to show the power of music, and how it can change emotions, and how intertwined music and love is. 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Stephen Schwartz has been appointed as having one of the most significant careers in American musical theater for over four decades (Laird, 2014). With a degree in drama, Schwartz was first hired as a producer in his early years. Schwartz was interested in musical Theater since the early 1970’s when he was famous for three popular sh ows on Broadway; Godspell, Pippin, and The Magic Show (The Songwriters Hall of Fame). Stephen SchwartzRead MoreMedia Use and Consumption: Inside and Outside the Home Essay1463 Words   |  6 Pagesdominated the life and work outside of the home. In this essay I will discuss how media use and consumption in the home can be different to those in any other context. The role that gender can play in the living-room, and how difference in programs on the television can effect the difference in audiences, all while taking time and era into consideration as a factor. During the 1920s â€Å"other companies struggled to compete in the new radio market, and the basic characteristics of broadcasting industry emerged†

The Effect On High School Students Of free essay sample

Conflict Resolution Training Integrated Into English Literature Essay, Research PaperRuning Head: Training HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS TO RESOLVE CONFLICTEffectss on high school pupilsof conflict declaration preparationintegrated into English literatureMelisa Chioma RousseauLong Island University # 8211 ; C.W. PostIn partial fulfilmentof the demand for the gradeMaestro of ScienceOctober 1999AbstractionThe struggle between persons aged 13 to 19 is so high that the demand for academically incorporate struggle declaration plans is rapidly going a focal point of those involved in the educational universe. Parents, instructors, and psychologists likewise have all expressed horror that the lifting figure of young person wrongdoers, force in the schools, racial intolerance and the similar has quickly risen among their adolescent kids, pupils, and clients. It has become 2nd nature for pupils to work out their struggle with verbal confrontations and physical affraies. Tragically, the usage of guns either aimed at the individual that they believe to be the cause of their angst or at themselves in self-destructive efforts is sometimes the heartbreaking epilogue of an inability to decently cover with struggle. It seems as though pupils don # 8217 ; t cognize how to peacefully decide the struggles that they find themselves in on a daily footing. A conflict resolution-training plan that is integrated into a pupil # 8217 ; s academic plan will promote pupils to larn the methods of peaceable mediation. It will bring on pupils to use the methods of struggle declaration into their daily differences non to advert the positive impact that it will hold on their academic accomplishment.Read more:Â  Essays about high school experiencesChapter 1IntroductionA struggle exists when actions come into resistance. Conflict can happen within an single, group, organisation, establishment, or state. Conflicts can traverse boundaries. They can happen between persons and establishments, and across civilizations. How we manage or resolve struggles is the cardinal issue. Today, underlying the force that surrounds our schools, vicinities, and communities are struggles which have neer been addressed or have been improperly resolved. Indeed in a diverse and complex society, Conflict Resolution Programs are much needed and an of import constituent of all schools. In the 60 ; # 8217 ; s and 70 ; # 8217 ; s this demand was understood by the Religious society of friendss and peace militants. In the early 1980 ; # 8217 ; s, Educators for Social Responsibility examined alternate schemes of covering with force. The Children ; # 8217 ; s Creative Response to Conflict, the Community Board ; # 8217 ; s Program, and the Peace Education Foundation were in the head of the motion. In 1984 the National Association of Mediation ( NAME ) was formed which served as a clearinghouse for information and preparation for school- based struggle declaration plans. In 1983 the National Institute of Dispute Resolution ( NIDR ) was formed to advance the development of struggle declaration tools and procedures. Several types of plans have now emerged in schools of a collaborative and concerted problem-solving attack affecting procedures such as dialogue, conciliation, mediation, fact determination, and arbitration. The Gandhian method of struggle declaration, called ; # 8220 ; satyagraha ; # 8221 ; , or truth force, is concerned with human demands and recognizes the importance of deciding the ; # 8220 ; struggle trigon ; # 8221 ; : the attitude, the behaviour, and the end mutual exclusiveness itself. For Gandhi the coveted result of a struggle is in the creative activity of a better societal construction, and a greater grade of human integrity. ( C.W. Post Library on Nonviolence ) . Conflict declaration in the interior metropolis schools is rapidly going an epidemic. Many schools have implemented preventive plans which include both uniformed and clandestine armed guards to metal sensors to metal sensors in the school hallways. Though one New York City survey suggests the effectivity of metal sensors, many experts fear that sensors do little more than make a false sense of security in schools ( Witkin, 1998 ) .Purpose Of The Study;The intent of this survey is to measure the effects that a conflict declaration plan that is integrated into an English literature category has on pupils in an urban high school in New York.;Definition of Footings;Conflict Resolution;Harmonizing to Johnson and Johnson ( 1996 ) , conflict declaration plans can be divided into three ways. There is the cell or entire pupil organic structure attack, which trains certain pupils to go peer go-betweens or developing every pupil in the school in constructive str uggle direction, severally. Levy ( 1989 ) and Maxwell ( 1989 ) split conflict declaration plans into two classs: curriculum-based plans and peer mediation plans. Curriculum based plans are preventive in nature and focal point on learning pupils to about struggles and the options to violence as a method of declaration. They emphasize societal accomplishments, empathy preparation, emphasis and choler direction, attitudes about struggles, and bias consciousness.;The 3rd division is a division of skills-oriented attacks and academically oriented attacks. Opotow ( 1991 ) has found skills-oriented attacks to be those in which pupils are taught the interpersonal and small-group accomplishments which are needed to decide struggles constructively ( D. W. Johnson, 1997 ; D. W. Johnson ; A ; F. Johnson, 1997 ) ; in the academic attack;pupils are taught the rational processs and cognitive accomplishments for pull offing struggles such as academic contention ( D. W. Johnson ; A ; R. Johnson, 1979, 1995a ) , force bar ( Prothrow-Stith, Spivak, ; A ; Hausman, 1987 ) , and critical thought ( Paul, 1984 ; Seigel, 1988 ) ; and the last attack is the structural-change attack which emphasize altering the school construction from a mass-manufacturing attack to a squad based, high-performance organisational construction ( D.W. Johnson ; A ; R. Johnson, 1994 ) and supplying a concerted context for a direction of struggle ( Deutsch, 1973 ; D.W. Johnson ; A ; R. Johnson, 1994 ) .;Mentions;B. Davis Schwartz Memorial Library. ( 1999, September 13 ) . Conflict Resolution. [ Online ] In Long Island University-C.W. Post Internet Resources, Nonviolence and Peace. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cwpost. liunet.edu/cwis/cwp/library/nonviolence/Conflict_Resolution/conflict_resolution.html [ 1999, November 9 ] .;Johnson, D.W. ( 1997 ) . Reaching out: Interpersonal effectivity and self-actualization ( 6th ed. ) Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.;Johnson, D.W. , ; A ; Johnson, F. ( 1997 ) . Joining together: Group theory and group accomplishments. ( 6th ed. ) . Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.;Johnson, D.W. , ; A ; Johnson, R. ( 1979 ) . Conflict in the schoolroom: Controversy and acquisition. Review of Educational Research, 49, 51-61.;Johnson, D.W. , ; A ; Johnson, R. ( 1995a ) . Creative Controversy: Intellectual challenge in the schoolroom ( 3rd ed. ) . Edina: Interaction Book.;Johnson, D.W. , ; A ; Johnson, R. ( 1995c ) . Teaching pupils to be Peacemakers ( 3rd. ) . Edina, MN: Interaction Book.;Levy, J. ( 1989 ) . Conflict declaration in simple and secondary instruction. Mediation Quarterly, 7 ( 1 ) , 73-87. ( Besides in J. Lemmon ( Ed. ) , Interceding between household members, 1989, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass ) .;Maxwell, J. ( 1989 ) . Mediation in the schools: Self-regulation, self-esteem, and self-denial. Mediation Quarterly, 7, 149-155.;Opotow, S. ( 1991 ) . Adolescent equal struggles. Education and Urban Society. 23 ( 4 ) , 416-441.;Paul, R. ( 1984 ) . Critical Thinking: Cardinal to education in a free society. Educational Leadership, 42, 4-14. ;Prothrow-Stith, D. , Spivak, H. , ; A ; Hausman, A. ( 1987 ) . The force bar undertaking. A public wellness attack. Science, Technology, and Human Values, 12, 67-69. ;Seigel, H. ( 1988 ) . Educating ground: Rationality, critical thought, and instruction. New York: Routledge.;Witkin, G. ( 1998 ) . School Crime. Anti-violence attempts show few consequences. U.S. News and World Report, ( MUST GET VOLUME AND PAGE REFERENCE ) .