Labour Law and Legislation - Free Essay Example

Introduction Singapore is therefore able to set, enforced and moderate the workplace rules and rights obligations via four main mechanisms: Collective Agreements, Common Law, Tripartism and Labor-related Legislations. (Lim, et al. 2012) However, Labor-related Legislations will be the main focus in this assessment as it is one of the main principles behind the Singaporeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s labor relations systems. Under the Legislations, there are more than two handfuls that are created to safeguard the employees in different areas. Out of all, Employment Act will be the main discussion in the assessment. Employment Act The Employment Act is designed to protect the rights of most of the employees in Singapore except domestic workers, Professionals, Managers and Executives (PMEs) (Ministry of Manpower 2013). The Act is divided into several parts so as to deal with different workplace issues effectively and efficiently. Among all of the Parts that Employment Act has, only a few will be elaborated. Part II of the Act: Termination of Contract of Service Under this Part of the Act, the employer is only allowed to terminate the employee once the terms has been fulfilled or expired. But, the employer is also able to terminate the employee with or without Notice depending on the situation. One of which is termination with Notice, it has to be written from one party to another and the Notice period varies with the year(s) of employment. For example, if the employee is hired for less than 2 years, the Notice period will be between 1 day and 1 week. Then again, if the employee is hired for more than 2 years, the Notice period will be between 2 weeks and 4 weeks. The other is dismissing the employee on the spot which is known as termination without Notice. However, it is only allowed if the employer pays the amount of salary that the employee would have earned during the Notice period or the employees is absence from work for more than 2 working days without informing the employer. Therefore, it is important for the employee to k now their rights and responsibilities by reading and understanding the contract carefully. By doing so, the employee is able to stand up for their rights if they are wrongfully dismissed. Part IV of the Act: Minimum Conditions of Employment This Part of the Act covers all of the employees except domestic workers, Managers and Executives. The entitled employees will be covered by a set of minimum employment conditions such as maximum working hours and annual leaves. The maximum working hours for the entitled employee is either 48 hours per week or an average of 44 hours in any continuous two week period. Whereas for the allocation of annual leave is given according to the year(s) of employment. During the first year of employment, the employee is entitled to a total of 7 days. An additional annual leave will be entitled with an additional year of employment until the total annual leave is 14 days per year. However, in order to be eligible for annual leave, the individual has to be covered by Part IV of the Act and has been employed for at least 3 months. Part IX of the Act: Maternity Leave for Parent This Part of the Act covers all of the female employees regardless of nationality and marital status. Entitled mothers will receive a total of 12 weeks of Maternity Leave provided that they are employed for at least 3 months before the birth of the child. However, the employer will only pay the first 8 weeks of leave if the mother has less than 3 children including the new-born. Whereas for the last 4 weeks, it can be claimed flexibly within the 12-month period from the childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s birth. So as to boost the low birth rates in Singapore, The Child Development Co-Savings Act (CDCA) increases the Maternity Leave to a total of 16 weeks for the mothers who fulfil the following: parents are lawfully married, the child is born as a Singapore Citizen and the mother has been employed for more than 3 months. So as to further protect the parents, the Government prohibit the employer to dismiss any parents who are on Maternity Leave. If the employer failed to comply with the Act, the employer will be facing with either fine or imprisonment or both. How does it affect the management and promote workplace equality In effect to the different Parts of the Employment Act, it is important for the Human Resource (HR) department to ensure that the organisation follows the Legislations framework while developing new approach to manage the employees. The employer has to promote Fair Treatment Practices in the workplace by creating policy and guidelines. The Anti-discrimination policy is one of the important policies as the Singapore Government has been encouraging more elderly, women and minority to enter the workforce. Thus, the HR has to further emphasize on the policy by using guidelines that is provided by The Tripartite Alliance for Fair Employment Practices (TAFEP) as a reference. The guidelines ensure the employer to recruit the employees based on knowledge, skills and ability to perform the job without discrimination. Also, the employer has to provide necessary training and reward the employees based on performance. This will encourage the employees to put in extra effort to improve th e sales and the customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ satisfaction. With the Fair Treatment Practices in place, the employer has to integrate it together with the Employment Act to have a double effect. On one hand, it is able to attract; recruit and retain employee. Whereas on the other hand it ensures that they are following with the Legislations. For instance, the employer is not allowed to terminate any employees due to discrimination. Instead, the employer should provide training to unleash the full potential of the employees which will provides the employer with a wider range of knowledge and creativity. But it is also essential for the HR to educate the employees on the Legislations, policies and guidelines by conducting seminars in different languages. This will ensure the employees to know their rights and responsibilities and remove any forms of discrimination within the organisation. Subsequently, the HR is able to propose to the top management to carry out protected co nversation with the employees. The main purpose is to carry out one-to-one conversation to discover the underlying issues within the organisation. Therefore, it is critical for the employer to promote equality in the organisation or else the organisation will be paying it with their productivity and reputation. Case study on SMRT bus drivers This case study discuss on how does the SMRT Management handles the bus drivers that goes on a strike back in November 2012 (AsiaOne 2013). The strike is carried out by a group of China SMRT bus drivers who is protesting over their pay and working conditions. According to Criminal Law Act, the employer has the rights to terminate the 171 employees (AsiaOne 2013) that go on strike as the bus service is an essential service in Singapore. Out of the employees, some of them were sent back to China while the rest were released on bail and was told to return back to work the next day. Among the employees who were released on bail, 3 of which refused to report for work for 6 weeks before SMRT officially terminate their contracts. According to Part II of the Employment Act, SMRT should have terminated their contracts 2 days after they were released from the bail. This is because that they failed to inform SMRT on their absence in 2 continuous working days. Instead of terminatin g the contracts, SMRT has been communicating with the 3 bus drivers and remunerate according to their terms. Even with the compensation, the 3 bus drivers refused to report for work instead they moved out of the SMRTà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s accommodation. Then they refused to communicate with the SMRT and rejected all of the remunerations. The decisions made by the 3 bus drivers left SMRT with no choice but to terminate their contracts with immediate effect. This incident point out that SMRT is a responsible and patience employer. As they tried to compensate the 3 bus drivers for at least 6 weeks before deciding to officially terminate their contracts. But this incident also reminds the SMRT to treat all of the employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ equally in terms of pay and working conditions especially when the bus services is an essential service in Singapore. Conclusion With the mission to protect the employees against discrimination; equal pay and wrongful dismissal, the HR has to continual sought for more ways to further emphasize the Legislations. However, for the Legislations to work, the HR has to work together with the employer but at the same time establishing communication with the employees. This assessment has effectively analysed on the approaches that HR is able to use on both the organisation and the employees. These approaches will help the employer to attract, recruit, retain and boost the morale of the employees as they are treated equality. This will guarantee the organisation with continual growth and sustaining their competitive advantage.

Electron Affinity (Chemistry Glossary Definition)

Electron affinity reflects the ability of an atom to accept an electron. It is the energy change that occurs when an electron is added to a gaseous atom. Atoms with stronger effective nuclear charge have greater electron affinity. The reaction that occurs when an atom takes an electron may be represented as: X e−  Ã¢â€ â€™ X−   energy Another way to define electron affinity is as the amount of energy needed to remove an electron from a singly charged negative ion: X−  Ã¢â€ â€™ X e− Key Takeaways: Electron Affinity Definition and Trend Electron affinity is the amount of energy required to detach one electron from a negatively charged ion of an atom or molecule.It is indicated using the symbol Ea and is usually expressed in units of kJ/mol.Electron affinity follows a trend on the periodic table. It increases moving down a column or group and also increases moving from left to right across a row or period (except for the noble gases).The value may be either positive or negative. A negative electron affinity means energy must be input in order to attach an electron to the ion. Here, electron capture is an endothermic process. If electron affinity is positive, the process is exothermic and occurs spontaneously. Electron Affinity Trend Electron affinity is one of the trends that can be predicted using the organization of elements in the periodic table. Electron affinity increases moving down an element group (periodic table column).Electron affinity generally increases moving left to right across an element period (periodic table row). The exception is the noble gases, which are in the last column of the table. Each of these elements has a completely filled valence electron shell and an electron affinity approaching zero. Nonmetals typically have higher electron affinity values than metals. Chlorine strongly attracts electrons. Mercury is the element with atoms that most weakly attract an electron. Electron affinity is more difficult to predict in molecules because their electronic structure is more complicated. Uses of Electron Affinity Keep in mind, electron affinity values only apply to gaseous atoms and molecules because the electron energy levels of liquids and solids are altered by interaction with other atoms and molecules. Even so, electron affinity has practical applications. It is used to measure chemical hardness, a measure of how charged and readily polarized Lewis acids and bases are. Its also used to predict electronic chemical potential. The primary use of electron affinity values is to determine whether an atom or molecule will act as an electron acceptor or an electron donor and whether a pair of reactants will participate in charge-transfer reactions. Electron Affinity Sign Convention Electron affinity is most often reported in units of kilojoule per mole (kJ/mol). Sometimes the values are given in terms of magnitudes relative to each other. If the value of electron affinity or Eea is negative, it means energy is required to attach an electron. Negative values are seen for the nitrogen atom and also for most captures of second electrons. It can also be seen for surfaces, such as diamond. For a negative value, the electron capture is an endothermic process: Eea   −ΔE(attach) The same equation applies if Eea  has a positive value. In this situation the change ΔE  has a negative value and indicates an exothermic process. Electron capture for most gas atoms (except noble gases) releases energy and is exothermic. One way to remember capturing an electron has a negative ΔE  is to remember energy is let go or released. Remember: ΔE  and Eea  have opposite signs! Example Electron Affinity Calculation The electron affinity of hydrogen is ΔH in the reaction: H(g) e- → H-(g); ΔH -73 kJ/mol, so the electron affinity of hydrogen is 73 kJ/mol. The plus sign isnt cited, though, so the Eea  is simply written as 73 kJ/mol. Sources Anslyn, Eric V.; Dougherty, Dennis A.  (2006). Modern Physical Organic Chemistry. University Science Books. ISBN 978-1-891389-31-3.Atkins, Peter; Jones, Loretta (2010). Chemical Principles the Quest for Insight. Freeman, New York. ISBN 978-1-4292-1955-6.Himpsel, F.; Knapp, J.; Vanvechten, J.; Eastman, D. (1979). Quantum photoyield of diamond(111)—A stable negative-affinity emitter. Physical Review B. 20 (2): 624. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.20.624Tro, Nivaldo J. (2008). Chemistry: A Molecular Approach (2nd Ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-100065-9.IUPAC (1997). Compendium of Chemical Terminology (2nd Ed.) (the Gold Book). doi:10.1351/goldbook.E01977

The Main Difference Between Opera And Musical Theatre

When imagining opera one cannot help but picture the iconic pigtailed woman wearing the horned helmet and holding a spear. This image certainly is an element of opera (Bloom) yet the discipline holds much more. Since its origins in sixteenth century Italy (Parker) opera has been fundamental to the performing arts. By understanding its rich history as well as its contemporary trends arts administrators may continue to present this beloved art form to their audiences. The word opera, in its modern sense as a â€Å"composition in which poetry, dance, and music are combined†, was first used in 1639. Shortly following was the earliest documented English usage in 1648 (â€Å"Opera†). What is the major difference between opera and musical theatre? A famous composer named Stephen Sondheim has said that It s about the expectation of the audience. When it s on Broadway, people expect mediocre singing and good acting; when it s in an opera house, people expect mediocre acting and good singing† (qtd. In Leigh) The first composition called an opera was Dafne by Jacopo Peri and it was created around 1597. The composer was inspirited by Florentine humanists who were elite at that time. It is noteworthy that Dafne was trying to recreate the Greek drama, which is kind of recreating the characteristic of the Renaissance in a broader view (Parker). There are four main periods of opera history. In the Baroque period (1590-1750), there were two dominated composers named Jacopo Peri and ClaudioShow MoreRelatedEvolution of Opera: Greek Drama to Baroque Opera Essays870 Words   |  4 Pagesdefines opera in his text, A Short History of Opera, as â€Å"a drama in music: a dramatic action, exhibited on stage with scenery by actors in costume, the words conveyed entirely or for the most part by singing, and the whole sustained and amplified by orchestral music† (4). A literal translation of the word opera is simply work, and although the term opera was not coined until 1634, one of the first known operas was performed in 1597 (Grout 1). Grout explains that there are two types of opera. The firstRead MoreEssay on History of Broadway2227 Words   |  9 Pageson whether or not Broadway musicals are considered â€Å"serious† art forms. People feel that a musical can never be taken seriously if the character is always singin g sporadically, which is very unusual in real life. However, musicals have been around for quite some time now, many musicals are being adapted into major motion pictures, many children are raised on the famous Disney musical cartoons and everybody( whether they’ll admit it or not) has seen at least one musical in their lifetime and areRead MoreBroadway musicals: The Portrayal of Women through the Decades2571 Words   |  11 Pagesbuilt a theatre company at the Theatre on Nassau Street. A musical would show about once every weekend. The shows were very male based, and would commonly show a relationship between young boys and their fathers. Women were slowly integrated into Broadway, and as society changed its point of view on women, so did theatre. The first strictly female-based shows were released in the 1950’s. These musicals attracted more female-based audience members and ticket sales rose exponentially. Musicals suchRead MoreOratorio1724 Words   |  7 Pagesconcerning the genre of vocal music, religious music cannot be overlooked as well as the opera. In this age, not only liturgical music which is from the Middle Ages such as the Mass music and Magnificat, but peculiar music of baroques such oratorio and the church cantata were also invented, while there was antagonism between Catholic and Protestant. Even in the music for liturgical of the church, it tended to opera or a dramatic style. It was the feature of the Catholic Church music of the baroque periodRead MoreLegend Of Orpheus Comparison787 Words   |  4 Pagesrecognized stories. Many operas have been based on the Greek legend of Orpheus. The legend of Orpheus tells a story of the demigod musician whose songs conquer Hades itself with their beauty. The u se of music in the Greek legend serves the same purpose, as music does in operas, to show the power of music, and how it can change emotions, and how intertwined music and love is. This tale of love, a love so strong it can overcome death, shows how true passion can bring music to life. The Operas show that musicRead MoreQuestions On Ancient Greek Theatre1413 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction to Theatre 14 December 2015 Take Home Final: Collection 3, Question 1~5 Question 1 The ancient Greek theatre was born with Greek’s belief of God in their festival. So at the beginning of its evolution it was only a worship ceremony in Greek society. Later the ancient Greek theatre was not built for the audience, but for the artist. It can reflect the partnership between the architect and the playwright and actors. Ancient Greek drama is the world’s oldest theatre and also theRead MoreComparing Folk Rock And Baroque Music1097 Words   |  5 Pagesa vital form of human expression. Whether capturing and conveying feelings of sorrow, rage, triumph, or love, its primary purpose has always been enthralling and resonating with its listeners. Over the years, the emergence of new technologies and musical tastes has brought the world rock and roll, pop, folk, country, techno, and many other widely varied styles of music, each of which presents its own meaning and interpretation of human emotion and the human experience. This paper will discuss theRea d MoreEssay on American Musicals2785 Words   |  12 PagesAmerican Musicals From the ‘American Dream’ to the ‘Rock-Opera’. 1950 to 1978 were the hopeless years for the musical. American musical theatre had been showing signs of exhaustion. This most seemingly illogical of genres carries its own ‘ideological project’. Before this, musicals not only demonstrated singing and dancing; they were about singing and dancing, explaining the importance of that experience. Not only did musicals give the most intense pleasure to their audience but also suppliedRead MoreThe Life Of Stephen Schwartz3330 Words   |  14 Pagesis a famous American composer, producer, and creator of music and film. Stephen Schwartz has been appointed as having one of the most significant careers in American musical theater for over four decades (Laird, 2014). With a degree in drama, Schwartz was first hired as a producer in his early years. Schwartz was interested in musical Theater since the early 1970’s when he was famous for three popular sh ows on Broadway; Godspell, Pippin, and The Magic Show (The Songwriters Hall of Fame). Stephen SchwartzRead MoreMedia Use and Consumption: Inside and Outside the Home Essay1463 Words   |  6 Pagesdominated the life and work outside of the home. In this essay I will discuss how media use and consumption in the home can be different to those in any other context. The role that gender can play in the living-room, and how difference in programs on the television can effect the difference in audiences, all while taking time and era into consideration as a factor. During the 1920s â€Å"other companies struggled to compete in the new radio market, and the basic characteristics of broadcasting industry emerged†

The Effect On High School Students Of free essay sample

Conflict Resolution Training Integrated Into English Literature Essay, Research PaperRuning Head: Training HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS TO RESOLVE CONFLICTEffectss on high school pupilsof conflict declaration preparationintegrated into English literatureMelisa Chioma RousseauLong Island University # 8211 ; C.W. PostIn partial fulfilmentof the demand for the gradeMaestro of ScienceOctober 1999AbstractionThe struggle between persons aged 13 to 19 is so high that the demand for academically incorporate struggle declaration plans is rapidly going a focal point of those involved in the educational universe. Parents, instructors, and psychologists likewise have all expressed horror that the lifting figure of young person wrongdoers, force in the schools, racial intolerance and the similar has quickly risen among their adolescent kids, pupils, and clients. It has become 2nd nature for pupils to work out their struggle with verbal confrontations and physical affraies. Tragically, the usage of guns either aimed at the individual that they believe to be the cause of their angst or at themselves in self-destructive efforts is sometimes the heartbreaking epilogue of an inability to decently cover with struggle. It seems as though pupils don # 8217 ; t cognize how to peacefully decide the struggles that they find themselves in on a daily footing. A conflict resolution-training plan that is integrated into a pupil # 8217 ; s academic plan will promote pupils to larn the methods of peaceable mediation. It will bring on pupils to use the methods of struggle declaration into their daily differences non to advert the positive impact that it will hold on their academic accomplishment.Read more:Â  Essays about high school experiencesChapter 1IntroductionA struggle exists when actions come into resistance. Conflict can happen within an single, group, organisation, establishment, or state. Conflicts can traverse boundaries. They can happen between persons and establishments, and across civilizations. How we manage or resolve struggles is the cardinal issue. Today, underlying the force that surrounds our schools, vicinities, and communities are struggles which have neer been addressed or have been improperly resolved. Indeed in a diverse and complex society, Conflict Resolution Programs are much needed and an of import constituent of all schools. In the 60 ; # 8217 ; s and 70 ; # 8217 ; s this demand was understood by the Religious society of friendss and peace militants. In the early 1980 ; # 8217 ; s, Educators for Social Responsibility examined alternate schemes of covering with force. The Children ; # 8217 ; s Creative Response to Conflict, the Community Board ; # 8217 ; s Program, and the Peace Education Foundation were in the head of the motion. In 1984 the National Association of Mediation ( NAME ) was formed which served as a clearinghouse for information and preparation for school- based struggle declaration plans. In 1983 the National Institute of Dispute Resolution ( NIDR ) was formed to advance the development of struggle declaration tools and procedures. Several types of plans have now emerged in schools of a collaborative and concerted problem-solving attack affecting procedures such as dialogue, conciliation, mediation, fact determination, and arbitration. The Gandhian method of struggle declaration, called ; # 8220 ; satyagraha ; # 8221 ; , or truth force, is concerned with human demands and recognizes the importance of deciding the ; # 8220 ; struggle trigon ; # 8221 ; : the attitude, the behaviour, and the end mutual exclusiveness itself. For Gandhi the coveted result of a struggle is in the creative activity of a better societal construction, and a greater grade of human integrity. ( C.W. Post Library on Nonviolence ) . Conflict declaration in the interior metropolis schools is rapidly going an epidemic. Many schools have implemented preventive plans which include both uniformed and clandestine armed guards to metal sensors to metal sensors in the school hallways. Though one New York City survey suggests the effectivity of metal sensors, many experts fear that sensors do little more than make a false sense of security in schools ( Witkin, 1998 ) .Purpose Of The Study;The intent of this survey is to measure the effects that a conflict declaration plan that is integrated into an English literature category has on pupils in an urban high school in New York.;Definition of Footings;Conflict Resolution;Harmonizing to Johnson and Johnson ( 1996 ) , conflict declaration plans can be divided into three ways. There is the cell or entire pupil organic structure attack, which trains certain pupils to go peer go-betweens or developing every pupil in the school in constructive str uggle direction, severally. Levy ( 1989 ) and Maxwell ( 1989 ) split conflict declaration plans into two classs: curriculum-based plans and peer mediation plans. Curriculum based plans are preventive in nature and focal point on learning pupils to about struggles and the options to violence as a method of declaration. They emphasize societal accomplishments, empathy preparation, emphasis and choler direction, attitudes about struggles, and bias consciousness.;The 3rd division is a division of skills-oriented attacks and academically oriented attacks. Opotow ( 1991 ) has found skills-oriented attacks to be those in which pupils are taught the interpersonal and small-group accomplishments which are needed to decide struggles constructively ( D. W. Johnson, 1997 ; D. W. Johnson ; A ; F. Johnson, 1997 ) ; in the academic attack;pupils are taught the rational processs and cognitive accomplishments for pull offing struggles such as academic contention ( D. W. Johnson ; A ; R. Johnson, 1979, 1995a ) , force bar ( Prothrow-Stith, Spivak, ; A ; Hausman, 1987 ) , and critical thought ( Paul, 1984 ; Seigel, 1988 ) ; and the last attack is the structural-change attack which emphasize altering the school construction from a mass-manufacturing attack to a squad based, high-performance organisational construction ( D.W. Johnson ; A ; R. Johnson, 1994 ) and supplying a concerted context for a direction of struggle ( Deutsch, 1973 ; D.W. Johnson ; A ; R. Johnson, 1994 ) .;Mentions;B. Davis Schwartz Memorial Library. ( 1999, September 13 ) . Conflict Resolution. [ Online ] In Long Island University-C.W. Post Internet Resources, Nonviolence and Peace. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cwpost. liunet.edu/cwis/cwp/library/nonviolence/Conflict_Resolution/conflict_resolution.html [ 1999, November 9 ] .;Johnson, D.W. ( 1997 ) . Reaching out: Interpersonal effectivity and self-actualization ( 6th ed. ) Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.;Johnson, D.W. , ; A ; Johnson, F. ( 1997 ) . Joining together: Group theory and group accomplishments. ( 6th ed. ) . Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.;Johnson, D.W. , ; A ; Johnson, R. ( 1979 ) . Conflict in the schoolroom: Controversy and acquisition. Review of Educational Research, 49, 51-61.;Johnson, D.W. , ; A ; Johnson, R. ( 1995a ) . Creative Controversy: Intellectual challenge in the schoolroom ( 3rd ed. ) . Edina: Interaction Book.;Johnson, D.W. , ; A ; Johnson, R. ( 1995c ) . Teaching pupils to be Peacemakers ( 3rd. ) . Edina, MN: Interaction Book.;Levy, J. ( 1989 ) . Conflict declaration in simple and secondary instruction. Mediation Quarterly, 7 ( 1 ) , 73-87. ( Besides in J. Lemmon ( Ed. ) , Interceding between household members, 1989, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass ) .;Maxwell, J. ( 1989 ) . Mediation in the schools: Self-regulation, self-esteem, and self-denial. Mediation Quarterly, 7, 149-155.;Opotow, S. ( 1991 ) . Adolescent equal struggles. Education and Urban Society. 23 ( 4 ) , 416-441.;Paul, R. ( 1984 ) . Critical Thinking: Cardinal to education in a free society. Educational Leadership, 42, 4-14. ;Prothrow-Stith, D. , Spivak, H. , ; A ; Hausman, A. ( 1987 ) . The force bar undertaking. A public wellness attack. Science, Technology, and Human Values, 12, 67-69. ;Seigel, H. ( 1988 ) . Educating ground: Rationality, critical thought, and instruction. New York: Routledge.;Witkin, G. ( 1998 ) . School Crime. Anti-violence attempts show few consequences. U.S. News and World Report, ( MUST GET VOLUME AND PAGE REFERENCE ) .

Motivation in Combat The German Soldier in World War II

Recent decades saw the publishing of a number of historical books, the authors of which promote essentially a revisionist outlook on the history of WW2.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation in Combat: The German Soldier in World War II specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Omer Bartov’s Hitler’s army: Soldiers, Nazis, and war in the Third Reich represents a good example of such a literature, because in it, the author had made a point in trying to reveal the conceptual fallaciousness of an idea that, during the course of Germany’s campaign in Eastern front, Wehrmacht had fought in a gallant manner and that it is namely the Waffen SS, which should be solely blamed for the atrocities, committed against Soviet civilians through 1941-1944. According to Bartov, throughout the course of hostilities, German soldiers were becoming increasingly committed to Nazi ideology, which in its turn, had natura lly predisposed them towards conducting the ‘war of annihilation’: â€Å"Unable to rely on its hitherto highly successful Blitzkrieg tactics, the Wehrmacht accepted Hitler’s view that this was an all-or-nothing struggle for survival, a ‘war of ideologies’ which demanded total spiritual commitment† (p. 4). Author strives to substantiate the soundness of this idea by pointing out to the fact that, throughout campaign’s initial stages, the representatives of ‘primary groups’ within German army (consisting of Prussian aristocratic officers) had been effectively eliminated due to a high atrocity rate. Therefore, through years 1942-1943, Wehrmacht had ceased being the army of professionals, in traditional sense of this word. Instead, it became the ‘army of civilians’, who compensated for their lack of military training with the sheer extent of their commitment to the Nazi cause: â€Å"Nazi propaganda did its utmost to convince the troops (Wehrmacht) that they were defending humanity against a demonic invasion† (p. 9). Hence, Bartov’s thesis – Wehrmacht used to indulge in genocidal actions against civilians in Russia to the same extent as it used to be the case with Waffen SS. Apparently, author implies that the very fact that German soldiers considered Russians sub-humans, had motivated them to fight to the bitter end.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nevertheless, even though Bartov’s book contains a number of legitimate suggestions, as to the manner in which German army had fought the Soviets, it appears that in many cases author deliberately tried to misrepresent these suggestions’ actual significance. For example, unlike most contemporary historians, Bartov had proven himself being intellectually honest enough by dispelling the myth that in the summer of 1941 W ehrmacht enjoyed a complete technical and numerical superiority over the Red Army: â€Å"In June 1941 the Ostheer’s troops attacked with 3648 tanks. Facing it in Western Russia were†¦ no less than 15,000 tanks out of a total armored force of 24,000 – more than all the tanks in the rest of the world put together† (p. 15). Yet, author never bothered to come up with an explanation as to why, as of June 22, 1941, Soviets concentrated these tanks within 50-100 kilometers wide strip, along German border. The reason for this is simple – as it was being revealed by Suvorov (1990), Stalin himself was planning to invade Germany and consequentially the whole Europe as early as July 6, 1941.1 Therefore, Germany’s attack on Soviet Union in the summer of 1941 was essentially preventive. Had Bartov mentioned the true reason for Hitler’s attack on USSR, his academic reputation would have been damaged – after all, as we are being well aware of, B ritish most prominent historian David Irving had spent three years in Austrian jail due to being charged with ‘historical revisionism’. In its turn, this explains why, despite Bartov’s intention to provide readers with rather unconventional insight onto the actual realities of Germany’s war against Soviet Union, his book’s discursive suggestions appear utterly conformist. As we have mentioned earlier, Bartov claims that it was German soldiers’ ideologically inspired hate of Russian ‘sub-humans’ that motivated them to indulge in genocidal activities: â€Å"Because they were fighting against Untermenschen (sub-humans), the troops were allowed to treat them with great brutality† (p. 71). Moreover, just as it has traditionally been the case with Communist historians, Bartov also refers to Germany’s war against USSR as the classical war of conquest, instigated by Hitler’s intention to expand his country’s à ¢â‚¬Ëœliving space’: â€Å"The German invasion of Russia, intended to create a vast new Lebensraum for the Aryan race† (p. 73).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation in Combat: The German Soldier in World War II specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Apparently, while working on his book, author remained quite ignorant as to the fact that the term Untermenscben has never been applied to Russians en masse, but only to Communist officials, Commissars and to their puppets among locals. Otherwise, there would not be more then million of former Soviet subjects fighting along the side with Germans in Russian Liberation Army and as volunteers in Waffen SS divisions. Also, the expansion of Lebensraum (living space) has never been Hitler’s priority – had he been truly concerned with the expansion of Lebensraum, he would have proceeded with occupying Southern France, instead of embarking upon th e conquest of Russia’s snowy plains. The same can be said about Bartov’s treatment of the subject of ‘atrocities’. According to the author, it was due to German soldiers being ideologically brainwashed that they used to deal with Soviet partisans rather harshly. Yet, the actual explanation to is more banal – according to the Geneva Convention of 1927, partisans were never considered a legitimate combatants, which is why, upon being caught shooting at Germans from behind without wearing the uniform of an opposing army, they used to be treated as spies. After all, Americans, British and Soviets acted in essentially similar manner, while addressing the issue of armed resistance, on the part of German civilians in Germany’s occupied territories. Thus, unlike what Bartov would like readers to believe, it was namely German soldiers’ rationale-driven considerations of protecting their homeland, which had motivated them to fight Soviets on Eas tern front – not their ideological commitment to the Nazi cause.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More After having captured the huge amounts of Soviet military equipment, located right along the border, and after having been exposed to the actual realities of how Soviet citizens lived in ‘workers’ paradise’, even those German soldiers with Communist past became instantly convinced that Germany’s cause in the war against USSR was absolutely just. In his book, Bartov quotes from the letter of a German soldier Egon Freitag, dated August 28, 1941: â€Å"We were never mercenaries, but – to use the hackneyed phrase – defenders of the Fatherland† (p. 34). As author had rightly pointed out: â€Å"For him (Freitag)†¦ Germany’s invasion of the Soviet Union was a defensive operation† (p. 34). Therefore, the overall thesis of Bartov’s book as to the fact that Wehrmacht soldiers’ willingness to fight to the bitter end in Russia came as the result of these soldiers being continuously subjected to Nazi propaganda, doe s not stand much of a ground. The actual explanation for is much simpler – German soldiers did not want Communist Commissars to be allowed to do in Germany what they had done in Russia – pure and simple. Nazi propaganda had very little to do with it. References Bartov, O. (1992). Hitler’s army: Soldiers, Nazis, and war in the Third Reich.  Oxford, Oxford University Press. Suvorov, V. (1990). Icebreaker: Who started the Second World War? London, Hamish Hamilton. Footnotes 1 Suvorov, V. (1990). Icebreaker: Who started the Second World War? London, Hamish Hamilton. 82 p. 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Preventing and Recovering Lost Work on the Computer

Preventing and Recovering Lost Work on the Computer Its a terrible sinking feeling that every writer knows: searching in vain for a paper that took hours or days to create.  Unfortunately, there probably isnt a student alive who hasnt lost a paper or other work on the computer at some point. There are ways to avoid this terrible plight. The best thing you can do is educate yourself and prepare ahead of time, by setting up your computer to save your work and create a backup copy of everything. If the worst happens, however, there may be some ways to recover your work when using a PC. All Your Work Disappeared! One problem that can startle a writer is seeing everything disappear instantly as you are typing. This can happen if you accidentally select or highlight any portion of your work. When you highlight a passage of any length- from a single word to a hundred pages- and then type any letter or symbol, the program replaces the highlighted text with whatever comes next. So if you highlight your entire paper and accidentally type a â€Å"b† you’ll end up with only the single letter. Scary! Solution: You can fix this by going to Edit and Undo. That process will take you backward through your most recent actions. Be careful! You should do this immediately before an automatic save occurs. If you cant locate the Undo button, try Ctrl-Z, the keyboard shortcut for undo. Your Computer Crashed Or your computer froze, and your paper disappeared! Who hasn’t suffered this agony? We’re typing along the night before the paper is due and our system starts acting up! This can be a real nightmare. The good news is that most programs save your work automatically about every ten minutes. You can also set up your system to save more often. Solution: It’s best to set up for an automatic save every minute or two. We can type a lot of information in a short time, so you should save your work frequently. In Microsoft Word, go to Tools and Options, then select Save. There should be a box marked AutoRecover. Make sure the box is checked, and adjust the minutes. You should also see a selection for Always Create a Backup Copy. It’s a good idea to check that box, as well. You Accidentally Deleted Your Paper! This is another common mistake. Sometimes our fingers act before our brains get warmed up, and we delete things or save over them without thinking. The good news is, those documents and files can sometimes be recovered. Solution: Go to the Recycle Bin to see if you can find your work. Once you locate it, click on it and accept the option to Restore. You may also find deleted work by finding the options to Search Hidden Files and Folders. Files that are deleted don’t really disappear until they are overwritten. Until then, they may be stored on your computer but â€Å"hidden.† To try this recovery process using a Windows system, go to Start and Search. Select Advanced Search and you should see an option for including hidden files in your search. Good luck! You know You saved It, but You can’t find It! Sometimes it can seem like our work has disappeared into thin air, but it hasn’t really. For various reasons, we can sometimes accidentally save our work in a temporary file or another strange place, which makes us feel a little crazy when we try to open it later. These files can be difficult to open again. Solution: If you know you’ve saved your work but you can’t find it in a logical place, try looking in Temporary Files and other odd places. You may need to do an Advanced Search. You Saved Your Work on a Flash Drive and Now You’ve Lost It! Ouch. There’s not much we can do about a lost flash drive or floppy disk. You could try going to the computer where you worked to see if you can find a backup copy through an advanced search. Solution: There is a better way to avoid losing work if you are willing to take preventive measures ahead of time. Each time you write a paper or other work that you can’t afford to lose, take time to send yourself a copy by email attachment. If you get into this habit, you will never lose another paper. You can access it from any computer where you can access your email. Tips to Avoid Losing Your Work Use an online backup like iCloud and save often.If you’re working on a lengthy paper, always send yourself a copy by email attachment every time you update it.Always save a few versions every time you stop working. Save one to an external drive and one to the hard drive.Get In the habit of choosing the Yes option when the computer asks if you want to save changes. There are very few reasons for selecting No, so think carefully about what you’re doing every time you shut down your program.Sometimes we accidentally save two versions of our work, so one will be more updated than another. This can cause serious confusion. Avoid opening an old version that hasn’t been updated by sorting your documents by Date when you open them.

Our Perception of Beauty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Our Perception of Beauty - Essay Example Nehamas (2005) in his article â€Å"Beauty: Skin-Deep, in the Eye of the Beholder and Valuable?† discusses beauty where he said: â€Å"There is such a thing as the beauty that is only skin-deep.   It is the beauty of appearance, what we call "looking good."   It has little to do with personality, character, wit or morality, and that is because anything that applies to how things look is not a reliable guide to many of their other qualities.† This the kind o beauty that people attributes to contest like the Miss Universe pageant. Psychologically in our minds, we do process the information. Nehamas (2005) said: â€Å"The beauty of appearance -- what we can judge, say, by looking at a photograph of a face -- is something that psychologists have been investigating a lot recently.   In general, they show people photographs of faces and ask them to rank them in terms of their beauty.   Since these are digital photographs, it is possible to combine them into composite photographs.   What seems to be the case is (1) the larger the composite photograph (the more features of individual faces it combines) the more people are likely to consider it beautiful and (2) there is remarkable agreement, both within and between different cultures, about which faces are more beautiful than which.† Nehamas (2005) stated that several hypotheses have been offered to account for these phenomena, and it seems agreed that they have something to do with the likelihood of reproductive success.   Thus, he said that the more features a face combines, the more average it is.   In explaining further, he argued that now it is very counterintuitive to say that the average is what strikes us as beautiful (since the people or works of art we find beautiful usually stand out against their background), but it turns out that average members of groups are less likely to be subject to external evolutionary pressures and more likely to be healthy and survive in the long run (Paraphrasing made). Agreement among different groups produces beauty, that could be passed on to others and media could actually do something about it.  Ã‚